overview and mapping of malaria and its vectors in Iran

In spite of public health level improvement in Iran, Malaria is still an important health problem in the southeast corner of the country. Mapping distribution of endemic diseases with their relations to geographical factors has become important for public health experts. This study was carried out to provide the distribution maps of the geographical pathology of Malaria in Iran with emphasis on its vectors. A systematic literature review was performed and the data and/or metadata were used for evaluation of findings. All available articles and books were used for mapping vectors and parasites, data of Malaria cases were obtained from Iran Center for Diseases Control, Ministry of Health in 2010. Incidence or prevalence of the diseases and also scientific names of vectors with collection details were arranged and mapped as a shapefile in ArcGIS software. About 28 different Anopheles species are found in Iran. Seven maps provided for the main vectors in the country. Distribution maps generated for Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax and co- infection cases. Distribution maps of transmission and endemic areas are provided. Out of 11668 indigenous and transmitted malaria from imported cases in three years leading to 2010, about 9400 cases occurred in south parts of the country where the weather is influenced by Afrotropical zoogeographic region, while 2200 cases occurred in the southeast corner of the country where the weather is influenced by Indo-malayan and only 25 cases were reported in the typical Palearctic area of Iran. Most malaria cases occurred in the southeast corner in Sistan Baluchistan, Hormozgan and south parts of Kerman. There are similarities between malaria transmission conditions in Iran and many tropical and subtropical countries. Such information on vectors, incidence of all cases and environmental factors can be used to set a Malaria Early Warning System and help to prevent and control of malaria

Ups and downs of hypertension

Hypertension is a growing pandemic in the world and causes 7 million deaths annually. In Iran, about 10 million people have hypertension. Hypertension is an important risk factor for other diseases. Therefore monitoring and evaluation of blood pressure [BP] has clinical and epidemiologic importance. Although there has been lot of breakthroughs in diagnosis and treatment of HTN, only few patients merit an adequate blood pressure control. On the other hand, white coat syndrome has caused an inadvertent administration of anti-hypertensive drugs, inflicting unnecessary drug complications on the patients. Therefore, constant self blood pressure measurements in home seems indispensable to achieve a true presentation of BP and subsequently a depiction of BP rises and falls though graphs. This article employed data from original articles of renowned journals and the corresponding author. Daily fluctuations of BP, nocturnal falls, heart rate fluctuations and BP rises herald crucial information regarding renal and cardiovascular accidents. BP monitoring during physical activities such as exercise stress test, reveal diseases that may be still in subclinical stages. These information are of utmost importance in prognosis and risk assessment of high risk patients with diabetes, heart failure and chronic renal disease. In addition, they could be established for recording subclinical events in occupational hazards in army personnel's, flight personnel's, military commanders, security service personnel's and other stressful professions. in this article, we established a review on the subject and a practical approach in BP monoitoring from the clinical epidemiologic prospective

[ review in novel pandemic H1N1 A]

After the report of suspicious cases in Mexico City in 17 April 2009, 2 cases of swine origin influenza A were confirmed in U.S.A and was a novel triple re-assortment of H1N1. This virus was transmitted from pigs to human and has high rate of transmission between humans and distributed on the world in a short time. The phase 6 th of pandemic had reported by WHO in 3 months. This article is a review study that is provided from searching in Scopus, Medline and Embase data banks and CDC and WHO sites and its information updated before publication. The Swine-origin Influenza A [H1N1] is a triple reassortment of season, birds and swine flu virus. The disease manifestation is like conventional seasonal flu. The best way of disease control is vaccine and appropriate treatment. Fortunately, the disease has a controlled condition in the world. The disease transmission is person to person via infected droplets. The pandemic rapidly happens and has sequential waves. The disease manifestation in humans varies from unmarkable disease to server pneumonia resulting in hospitalization and maybe death and generally is like season flu but with a different epidemiologic feature. The definite diagnosis is RT-PCR or cell culture from the nose pharynx, nasal, pharyngeal and nasal or tracheal wash samples. The prevention includes observing hygiene points is the most important way of pandemic control. Nowadays, two kinds of novel virus vaccine is available that include flu shot[inactived virus with intra muscular injection in deltoide] and nasal spray [live attenuated virus]. The best treatment is neuraminidase inhibitors [Oseltamivir and Zanamivir] which recommends to hospitalized high risk persons preferably in first 48 hours. Chemo prophylaxis recommends to special cases. The occurrence of novel influenza A, conventional season flu and birds flu in the world increases the rate of reassortment and puts the society at high risk. There is no appropriate antibodies against novel reassorted viruses in the society so probability of rapid progression of a new disease is high. However, people consciousness and health and cure bases readiness specially in gathering places, dormitories, schools, universities and garrisons is very important

[Evaluation of X-Ray factors and its effect on radiology department staff at Army hospitals in Tehran in the year 1385]

Knowledge of X-Ray related factors connected with individual dosimeter can be beneficial in diminishing the rate of x-ray intake. Keeping in mind the above mentioned goal, we planned and prepared this study with the help of all radiology staff of the hospital. This research is a descriptive, analytic and a sectional study which was performed in the year 1385. All radiology staff of the army hospitals in Tehran was bulk examples. A check list and a questionnaire form were used to collect data and information. We also made use of SPSS software for data purpose. Results obtained in this study indicate that individual maximum dose received individually was 29/0 milisilvert; the rate of this dose was seen in persons who lacked University education. And a minimum dose received was 0/05 millisiurt which was received by individuals who were less than 30 hours in contact with the preparation of unison.. Many medical tests were performed at the following army hospitals: Golestan, 502, 204 and Mostafa Khomeini hospitals. The X-Ray rate at the mentioned hospitals was 100%. Dose received by all individuals as classified parameters expected was standard and acceptable. Therefore organizing X-ray safety workoshops especially in connection with promoting security level of unison production staff at all centers is an absolute must